K. Write the times

What time is it ? Cat este ceasul ?
Can you tell me the time please ? Poti sa i-mi spui ca este ceasul te rog ?
When is the appointment ? Cand este intilnirea ?

We use the expression "O'clock" for telling time .

01:00 It is One O'clock.
02:00 It is Two O'clock.

30 de minute = half an hour
Use "PAST" when is after the hour
01:30 half past one = one thirty

15 minute = quarter hour

Use "TO" when it is before the hour
08:45 It is quarter to nine (noua fara un sfert)
01:50 It is ten to two ( doua fara zece )

Use "AFTER" to show minutes later than the exact hour.
04:10 It is ten after four ( patru si zece )
09:25 It is twenty-five after nine ( noua si douazeci si cinci )

J.The numeral

Clasificarea numeralelor:

1. Numeralele cardinale
2. Numeralele ordinale
3. Numeralele colective
4. Numeralele fractionale
5. Numeralele multiplicative
6. Numeralele distributive
7. Numeralele adverbiale

• Numeralele cardinale

0 zero, nought, naught
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten

11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty

21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three

30 thirty
40 fourty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one hundred

101 one hundred and one
500 five hundred
1000 one thounsand
5231 five thounsand two hundred and thirty-one
100 000 one hundred thounsand
500 000 five hundred thounsand
1 000 000 000 one million
5 000 000 000 five millions
7 000 000 000 seven millions
7 000 000 000 seven millions and one
1 000 000 000 000 a/one thounsand million
1 000 000 000 000 000 a/one billion
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 a/one thounsand billions
1+18 zerouri a/one trillion
1+24 zerouri a/one quadrillion
1+30 zerouri a/one quitillion

• Numeralele ordinale indica pozitia intr-un sir

1st - the first (primul, prima)
13th - the thirteenth (a/al treisprezecelea)
2nd - the second (al doilea, a doua)
3rd - the third (al treilea, a treia)
20th - the twentieh (al douzecilea, a douazecea)
4th - the fourth (al patrulea, a patra)
5th - the fith (al cincilea, a cincea)
30th - the thirtieth (al treizecelea)
6th - the sixth (al saselea)
7th - seventh (al saptelea)
50th - the fiftieth (al cincizecilea)
8th - the eighth (al optulea)
9th - the ninth (al noualea)
100th - the one hundredth (al o suta-lea)
10th - the tenth (al zecelea)
11th - the eleventh (al unsprezecelea)
12th - the twelfth (al doisprezecelea)

In afara de the 1st (the first), the 2nd (the second) si the 3rd (the third), restul numeralelor ordinale se formeaza adaugand th la numeralul cardinal corespunzator:
the 5th (the fifth) - al cincilea, the65th (the sixty-fifth) - al saizeci si cincilea.

Acelasi model il urmeaza si numeralele ordinale de la 20 in sus: the 21st (the twenty-first) - al douazeci si unulea), the 22nd (the twenty-second) - al douazeci si doilea, the 23rd (the twenty-third) - al douazeci si treilea, the 24th (the twenty-fourth) - al douazeci si patrulea.

ex: I was the 78th(the seventy-eighth) in line ( am fost al saptezeci si optalea in rand)
He is the 90th (ninetieth) winer of the prize. El este al nouazecelea castigator al acestui premiu.

Numeralele cardinale care se termina in Y il vom trnasforma in ie, dupa care se adauga th: seventy-the seventieth, forty- the fortieth.

Retineti: four (patru) - fourteen (paisprezece) - forty (patruzeci) dispare vocala U.

I.Possessive adjectives + indicativul prezent al verbelor

My (al meu, mea, mei, mele)

My name is Tom. I am a child, a boy. I am not a girl. I have a brother, Mike, and two friends, Betty and Maud. They are sisters. I play with my brother and my friends every dey.

Your (al tau, ta, tai, tale)

Your name is Betty. You are a child, a girl. You are not a boy. You have a sister, Maud, and two friends, Tom and Mike. You play with sister and your friends every day.

His (al lui)

His name is Nick. He is a big boy, he is a student. He is not a little boy. He has a lot of books. He learns his lessons every day.

Her (al ei)

Her name is Ann. She is a big girl, she is a student. She is not a little girl. She has a lot of books and she reads a lot of books. She learns her lessons every day.

Its (al lui, al ei -neutru)

This is my book. It is my book. It has red covers. Its covers are red. The covers are red. The colour of its covers is red. Nick is a name. It is a word. Its first letter is "n". It begins with the letter "n".

Our (al nostru, noastra, nostri,nostre)

We are in the garder of our house. We have a lot of flowers in our garden. We spend an hour there every day.

Their (al lor)

I see two men. Their name are Peter and Victor. They are workers. They work in a factory. They like their work.

Adjectivul posesiv are o singura forma pentru fiecare persoana si nu acorda in gen si numar cu obiectul posedat.

my brother = fratele meu
my sister = sora mea
my friends = prietenii mei
my books = cartile mele

Ca toate adjectivele , adjectivul posesiv se aseaza inaintea substantivelor pe care il clasifica.

Indicativul prezent al verbelor

Se formeaza din infinitivul scurt (fara "to") cu un singur adaos, -s sau -es, la persoana a-III-a singular masculin, feminin si neutru.
ex: 1

• I see = eu vad
• you see = tu vezi
• he sees = el vede
• she sees = ea vede
• it sees =el, ea (neutru) vede
• we see = noi vedem
• you see = voi vedeti
• they see = ei, ele vad

ex: 2

• I read = eu citesc
• you play = tu te joci
• he writes = el scrie
• she catches = ea prinde
• it begins = el, ea (neutru) incepe
• we learn = no invatam
• you take = voi luati
• they live = ei, ele traiesc
• 
  

Exercitii:

1. Completati spatiile goale cu adjectivul posesiv corespunzator:

• Betty plays with .... sister.
• You are in .... garden with .... brothers.
• He learns .... lessons every day.
• I write .... lesson.
• Name is a word; .... first letter is "n".

2. Traduceti in limba engleza textul urmator:

• Ma cheama Betty.
• Mand e sora mea.
• Nick invata foarte mult.
• Tu citesti multe carti.
• Acoperisul este rosu.
• Culoarea lui este rosie.
• Noi avem doi copii.
• Ann isi invata lectiile in fiecare zi.
• Incep sa invat.
• Cuvantul Nick incepe cu litera "n".
• Scriu cinci cuvinte.
• Primul cuvant este gradina.
• Am un prieten.
• Il cheama Mike.
• Ann are o prietena.
• O cheama Betty.
• Esti un baiat mare, nu esti un baietel.
• Ai multe carti.
• Tom e in casa nu in gradina?
• Este acesta bastonul meu ?
• Nick si Tom nu sunt frati.
• Tom are un frate, Mike.

3. Conjugati verbele "to learn" si "to take".

H. Pluralul substantivelor

The number of the nouns

In limba engleza substantivele pot fi de numarul singular sau plural.

De regula, singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv:
ex: answer (raspuns), partner (partener), hotel (hotel)
Pentru a forma pluralul substantivelor se adauga consoana S la forma de singular:

ex:

answer+s = answers (raspunsuri)
partner+s = partners (parteneri)
hotel+s = hotels (hoteluri)

Substantivele terminate in: CH, O, SH, X, S, SS formeaza pluralul prin adaugarea particulei ES :
ex: bunch+es = bunches (buchete) / sandwich+es = sandwiches (sandvici)

tomato+es = tomatoes (rosii) / potato+es = potatoes (cartofi)
wash+es = washes (spalari)
tax + es = taxes (taxe) / box+es = boxes (cutii)
bus+es = buses
congress + es = congresses (cogrese) / dress+es = dresses (haine)

PLURALUL NEREGULAT (Irregular plurals)

• Unele substantive terminate in O formeaza prin adaugarea unui S a formei de singular.

ex: piano=pianos(pian=piane), soprano=sopranos(soprana=saprane), radio=radios(radio=radiouri), video=videos (video=videouri),
photo=photos (fotografie=fotografii)

• Unele substantive terminate in F sau FE vor forma pluralul in VES.

ex: wife-wives (sotii), scarf-scarves (esarfe), shelf-shelves (rafturi), wolf-wolves (lupi),
leaf-leaves (frunze)
Exceptii: handkerchief-handkerchiefs (batiste), gulf-gulfs (golfuri),
wharf-wharfs-wharves (cheiuri), proof-proofs (dovezi)

• Substantivele terminate in consoana Y (precedate de o consoana) formeaza pluralul in IES.

ex: pony-ponies (ponei), melody-melodies (melodii),
baby-babies (bebelusi), cry-cries (plinseturi)

• Substantivele terminate in consoana Y (precedate de o vocala) formeaza pluralul in S.

ex:monkey-monkeys (maimute), boy-boys (baieti)

• Cateva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne.

ex: man-men (barbati), tooth-teeth (dinti), mouse-mice (soareci), child-children (copii),
foot-feet (picioare), police man-police men (politisti), congrssman-congresmen (congrasmeni),
police woman-police women (politiste)

• Unele substantive provenite din limba latina pastreaza formele de plural din aceasta limba.

ex: criterion-criteria (criterii), phenomenon-phenomena (fenomene), alga-algae (alge),
gymanasium-gymnasia (sali de gimnastica)
Substantive ce se folosesc numai la singular, desi au forma de plural:
-nume de stiinte si obiecte de studiu terminate in -ics: Mathematics, Economics,
Accoustics (acustica)
-nume de boli: mumps (oreion)

Nu primesc terminatie de plural substantivele abstracte ca : advice (sfat),
information (informatie), sau concrete ca : bread (paine), chocolate (ciocolata), meat (carne)- acestea se folosesc cu a piece of: a piece of information (o infomratie), a piece of meat (o bucata de carne), a loaf of : a loaf of bread (o paine), a bar of : a bar of chocolate (o bucata de ciocolata).

• Unele substantive nu isi schimba forma la plural
  

ex: deer (caprioare), series (serii), sheep (oi), species (specii)

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR COMPUSE (The plural of the compound nouns)

• In cazul substantivelor compuse din alte doua substantive, numai ultimul cuvant va trece la plural.

ex: grape-fruits (fructe de grepfrut), cofee-spoons (lingurite), travel office (oficii de turism), girl-friends (prietenele), water-lilies (nuferi)
exceptii : substantivele compuse al caror prtim element este man sau woman vor primi semnul pluralului
ex: women drivers (soferite), men servants (servitori)

• Substantivelor compuse din constructii de genul substantiv +prepozitie / adverb +substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului

ex: fathers -in-law (socri), daughters-in-law (nurori), lilies-of-the-valley (lacramioare)

• Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea un s

ex: MDs (Doctors of Medicine- Doctori in medicina)
MCs (Masters of Ceremony- Maestri in ceromonii)

SUBSTANTIVELE UNICE (The uncountable nouns)
Substantivele unice nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie notiuni abstracte, fie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate.

• Notiuni abstracte : friendship (prietenie), chemistry (chimie), hell (iad), nature (natura), the past (trecutul), information (informatie), life (viata), help (ajutor), solitude (singuratate), knowledge (stiinta), love (iubire)
• Nume de substante: mud (noroi), milk (lapte), cofee (cafea), bronze (bronz), gravel (petris)
• Alte substantive, provenite in special din forma in-ing a verbelor: luggage (bagaj), shopping (cumparaturi), reading (lectura), mourning (doliu)
• Substantivele unice sunt intodeaunala singular si sunt folosite cu un verb la singular:

ex: This soup is good. (Aceasta supa este buna)
This information is useful. (Aceasta informatie este folositoare)
In general aceste substantive nu sunt precedate de articolul nehotarat a/an.
Pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se folosesc: no (nici o, nici un), some (ceva), any (vreo, vreun), a little (un pic de), a bit of (putin), a pice of (o bucata de), a slice of (o felie de), etc.
ex: I need some wine. (Am nevoie de niste vin)
I don't want any coffee. (Nu vreau cafea)

Totusi, cand implicit se face referire la recipientul ce contine respectivele substante, aceste substantive se pot folosi cu a/an:
I would like a coffee. (a cup of coffee) - As vrea o cafea (o ceasca de cafea)
I drank a verry good brandy last night. (a glass of brandy)- Am baut un lichior foarte bun aseara. (un pahar de lichior)

Much si many

Much = mult, multa, se foloseste pentru singular.
Many = multi, multe, se foloseste pentru plural.

much noise = mult zgomot, multa galagie
many toys = multe jucarii

In conversatie se prefera folosirea expresiei sinonimice a lot of in propozitiile afirmative si a adjectivelor much si many in cele interogative si negative.

Exercitii:

1. Formati pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:

• cat=
• roof=
• steamer=
  
• table=
• man=
• pilot=
• dog=
• woman=
• lily=
• clock=
• toy=
• child=

2. Traduceti in limba engleza:

• Am un frate.
• Tu ai o sora.
• Avem multe jucarii.
• Copiii fac mult zgomot.
• Ai un frate ?
• Are ea o sora ?
• Avem cinci copii.
  
• Ne jucam in gradina in fiecare zi.
• Tom are multe jucarii.
• Aeroplanul este foarte zgomotos.
• Sunt copil.
• Ai multi copii ?
• Am un copil.
• Ei au trei baieti si doua fete.
• Baiatul meu citeste o multime de carti.
  

G. Forma interogativa a preteritului

A. Prezentare

- DID + subiect + infinitiv : forma interogativa a preteritului la toate persoanele

- WAS + subiect la singular : forma interogativa a preteritului ( aspectul continuu )
- WAS + participiu prezent : forma interogativa a preteritului ( aspectul continuu )
- WERE + subiect la plural : forma interogativa a preteritului ( aspectul continuu )
- WERE + participiu prezent : forma interogativa a preteritului ( aspectul continuu )

B. Aplicatii

1. Did they win the match ? Au castigat ei meciul ?
2. Did you catch the train ? Ati prins trenul ?
3. Did you understand what he said ? Ai inteles ce a spus el ?
4. Did you like my photographs ? Ti-au placut fotografiile mele ?
5. Did she bring her daughter ? A adus-o pe fica ei ?
6. Did he give you George's adress ? V-a dat el adresa lui George ?
7. Did they accept Mike's offer ? Au acceptat oferta lui Mike ?
8. Did you get what you wanted ? Ati obtinut ceea ce ati vrut ?
9. Did you knowDaisy's husband ? Il cunosteai pe sotul lui Daisy ?
10. Did you meet Ken's wife ? Ati intalnit-o pe sotia lui Ken ?
11. Was she working when you arrived ? Ea lucra atunci cand tu ai sosit ?
12. Where you staying in London last year ? Stateati la Londra anul trecut ?

C. Observatii

DID you understand ...? Ati inteles ?

Forma interogativa a preteritului se construieste cu auxiliarul DID la toate persoanele, si pentru verbele regulate si pentru cele neregulate.

DID+subiect+infinitiv?

Did England win the match last year ? Anglia a castigat meciul anul trecut ?
Did you accept Bob's offer ? Ati acceptat oferta lui Bob ?

Nu uitati : preteritul indica o actiune trecuta, terminata si adesea fixata in timp.

Was she working ? Ea lucra ?
Forma interogativa a preteritului ( aspectul continuu ) se contruieste intercaland subiectul intre preteritul verbului a fi (to be), was/were, si participiul prezent in -ing.
Where they expecting France's victory? Asteptau ei victoria Frantei ?

WHAT : ce. Acest pronume poate fi :
complement direct : Tell me what you want. Spune-mi ce vrei.
subiect : What was said is interesting. Ceea ce s-a spus e interesant.

D Prezentare

subiect + DID not + infinitiv : forma negativa a preteritului la toate persoanele
subiect + WAS not + participiu prezent :forma negativa a preteritului (aspectul continuu)
subiect + WERE not + participiu prezent :forma negativa a preteritului (aspectul continuu)

did not = didn"t
was not ? = wasn't ?
were not = weren't

E Aplicatie

1. They did not win the game. Ei nu au castigat partida.
2. I did not expect Blackpool's victory. Eu nu m-am asteptat la victoria lui Blackpool.
3. I did not lose, becouse I did not bet. Eu nu am pierdut pentru ca nu am pariat.
4. He did not win the first race. El nu a castigat prima cursa.
5. He did not accept Barba's offer. El nu a acceptat oferta Barbarei.
6. She did not think you were sick. Ea nu s-a gandit ca tu erai bolnav.
7. We did not think it was so hard. Noi nu am crezut ca era atat de greu.
8. You did not understand what happened. Voi nu ati inteles ce sa intamplat.
9. They explained it to me but I didn't undersand. Ei mi-au explicat, dar eu nu am inteles.
10. You didn't sleep well because the hotel was noisy. Nu ati dormit bine deoarece hotelul era zgomotos.
11. She was not carrying her usual bag. Ea nu purta geanta ei obisnuita.
12. We were not expecting Robert so soon. Noi nu-l asteptam pe Robert asa devreme.

F. Observatii

I did not understant: Eu nu am inteles.

La preterit, negatia se obtine, pentru toate persoanele, cu formula:

did not+infinitv

indiferent daca verbul este regulat sau neregulat.
Ex: She did not understand. Ea nu a inteles.
I did not accept. Eu nu am acceptat.
We did not lose. Noi nu am pierdut.
Observati ca preteritul se traduce adesea prin perfectul compus.

- She was not carring. Ea nu ducea.
Forma negativa a preteritului (aspectul continuu) se obtine intercaland not intre was/were si participiul prezent.
Amintiti-va ca preteritul (apectul continuu) descrie o actiune care se desfasura si corespunde aproximativ imperfectului din romana.
- Preteritul verbelor regulate terminate in -y : doua cazuri
- y precedat de o vocala - se termina in ed:
ex: to play, played
- y precedat de o consoana - se termina in ied:
ex: to carry , carried
Nu uitati : what happened, ca s-a intamplat : what= subiect.

G. Exercitii

1. Treceti la forma interogativa:

1. You brought a bicycle with you.
   
2. She caught her train.
   
3. He lost his watch.
   
4. They thought the match was interesting.
   

2. Traduceti in limba romana frazele de mai sus trecute la forma interogativa.

3. Treceti la forma negativa:

1. He knew Susan's surname.
   
2. England won the first game.
   
3. She carried her bag.
4. You met Ken's wife at the station.
   

4. Traduceti in engleza:

1. Ei nu au inteles ceea ce am explicat eu.
   
2. Ceea ce s-a intasmplat ieri era neobisnuit.
   
3. Nu am crezut ca a fost atat de greu.
   
4. Ati acceptat ceea ce va oferea el ?
   

C. Dictionare, google translate, expressivo text, etc....

Dictionare, Google translate, Expressivo Text, Lectii YOUTUBE,

Engleash page- exercitii de scriere

Va ofer o lista de dictionare online utile pentru traduceri :

1. http://dictionar-englez-roman.ro/
2. http://www.hallo.ro/
3. http://ro-en.ro/
4. http://www.dictionare.com/

GOOGLE TRANSLATE - un foarte bun translator automat de texte si de situri din limba romana in limba engleza si invers.

EXPRESSIVO TEXT - masina de vorbire , are rolul de a transforma textele in vorbe.
Il puteti folosi pentru a auzi intonatia in limba engleza a cuvintelor si chiar a textelor.

Automatic machine translation iti ofera posibilitatea chiar sa citesti acest blog in limba engleza, dar binenteles trebuie sa incerci sa adaptezi mesajul contextual, deoarece traducerea este realizata totusi de un robot...

Este foarte util si diversificat deoarece ofera posibilitatea de a traduce in foarte multe limbi :
Languages available for translation:

Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Belarusian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech	Danish Dutch English Estonian Filipino Finnish French Galician German	Greek Haitian Creole Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian	Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Maltese Norwegian Persian	Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swahili	Swedish Thai Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yiddish

Pentru a face exercitii de scriere interactive puteti sa utilizati acest site :
http://www.englishpage.com/index.html

Pentru a invata intonatia limbii engleze puteti sa viziona filmulete pe YOUTUBE :
http://www.youtube.com/user/podEnglish#g/c/ECDB3ECC0AF0E938

B. Cum sa invat limba engleza ?

Această întrebare şi-o pun mulţi, dat fiind că limba engleză devine tot mai mult o necesitate. Cunoaştere ei deschide uşa lumii. Chiar dacă nu călătoreşti sau nu lucrezi în străinătate, pe internet există atâtea informaţii foarte interesante în limba engleză, încât ar trebui să fie o motivaţie suficientă.
Soluţia clasică pentru învăţarea unei limbi străine este participarea la cursuri. Evident, un profesor poate ajuta foarte mult şi poate face ca lucrurile să evolueze mai repede. Poate corecta greşelile şi poate răspunde la întrebări. Totuşi, dacă nu eşti vreun magnat, un profesor nu îţi stă permanent la dispoziţie, iar învăţarea unei limbi străine înseamnă în primul rând mult exerciţiu. Două ore pe săptămână nu înseamnă mare lucru, dacă rămân doar atât.

Pentru studiu individual, există cărţi, CD-uri şi DVD-uri, chiar şi programe pentru calculator. Fiecare vine cu o metodă care îşi propune să conducă cât mai rapid spre bune rezultate. Necesită însă ceva timp, iar învăţarea se rezumă la o anumită schemă, fără a induce un vocabular bogat. Sunt foarte bune pentru asumarea cunoştinţelor de bază şi a unor fraze şi expresii uzuale, dar nu este suficient.
De fapt, întrebarea este: “Cum să exersez mult timp, fără să-mi sacrific multe ore zilnic?” În general, omul modern nu are mult timp la dispoziţie. Ideea este să combini învăţarea cu celelalte activităţi zilnice. După acumularea unui minim de cunoştinţe prin metode sistematizate, trebuie acordată o atenţie perseverentă fiecărei vorbe în limba engleză care îţi iese în cale.
Cântecele în limba engleză care îţi plac atât de mult şi pe care le tot fredonezi, trebuie înţelese cu exactitate. De obicei, versurile sunt uşor de găsit pe internet (scrii titlul între ghilimele şi lyrics), iar traducerea lor nu ridică probleme deosebite. După ce afli ce spun, poate îţi vor plăcea şi mai mult. Sau, cine ştie, poate treci la altceva.
La film, dialogul original trebuie ascultat, iar subtitrarea să fie doar un ajutor. Când începi să-ţi dai seama cât de proastă este traducerea, nu o să mai poţi altfel şi va deveni un obicei.
Atunci când cauţi ceva pe internet, alege să o faci în limba engleză. Este mai dificil o vreme, dar vei simţi că merită efortul, iar în timp va fi din ce în ce mai uşor. Dacă te interesează calculatoarele, vei găsi informaţii mai ample şi interesante. Dacă te interesează norii cumulonimbus, cu atât mai mult. Chiar şi dacă nu te interesează nimic altceva decât să te distrezi, poţi găsi bancuri şi caricaturi în limba engleză.
Cei mai curajoşi pot chiar citi cărţi în limba engleză. Unele se pot dovedi dificile (de exemplu, cele cu un limbaj arhaic sau foarte poetic), dar altele sunt surprinzător de accesibile. Cărţile de specialitate sunt excelente pentru dezvoltarea vocabularului în respectivul domeniu.
Unele produse au instrucţiuni atât în română, cât şi în engleză. O comparaţie este deseori utilă.
Dacă ai chef de chat, o poţi face cu englezi sau americani. Le poţi observa modul de exprimare şi poţi învăţa cum se discută informal, ceea ce e mai rar prin manualele de limba engleză.
Dicţionarul trebuie să fie întotdeauna la îndemână. În general, un dicţionar software este de preferat, pentru că rezultatele se obţin mult mai rapid, dar sunt şi situaţii când un dicţionar tipărit este mai potrivit. Uneori sunt foarte utile şi dicţionare specializate.
Dacă chiar vrei să înveţi limba engleză, nu mai căuta justificări. Chiar poţi exersa în fiecare zi.

F. Lista verbe neregulate ( tari )

Verbe neregulate în limba engleză
Irregular verbs

Următorul tabel prezintă verbele neregulate din limba engleză.

• INFINITIV / PAST TENSE / PAST PARTICIPLE

• ARISE /AROSE / ARISEN
• a se ridica / sa ridicat / se ridicase
• AWAKE / AWOKE / AWOKEN
• a se trezi / sa trezit / se trezise
• BACKSLIDE / BACKSLID / BACKSLIDEN
• a decadea / decazut / decazuse
• BE / WAS,WERE / BEEN
• a fi / a fost / fusese
• BEAR / BORE / BORNE
• a purta / a purtat / se purtase
• a naste / a nascut / nascuse
• BEAT / BEAT / BEATEN
• a bate / batut / se batuse
• BECOME / BECAME / BECOME
• a deveni / a devenit / devenise
• BEGIN / BEGAN / BEGUN
• a incepe / a inceput / incepuse
• BENT / BENT / BENT
• a se indoi / indoit / se indoise
• BET / BET(BETTED) /BET (BETTED)
• a paria / a pariat / pariase
• BID / BID (BADE) / BID (BIDDEN
• a licita / a licitat / licitase

E. Trecutul ( preteritul -aspectul nedefinit )

A. Prezentare

I booked...

- ed: aceasta terminatie, adaugata la infinitivul verbelor obisnuite(numite [slabe] sau [regulate]), construieste forma timpului trecut (preterit)

to book: I(you, he, she, it, we, they) booked
- HIS lui, sau, sa, sai, sale (posesorul: la masculin singular)
- HER lui, sau, sa, sai, sale (posesorul: la feminin singular)

B. Aplicatii

1. I decided to study Englishlast year. Am hotarat sa studiez engleza anul trecut.
2. I stayed two weeks in London last month. Am stat 2 saptamani la Londra luna trecuta.
3. I worked in England from 1982 (nineteen eighty two) to 1989 (nineteen eighty nine). Am lucrat in Anglia din 1982 pana in 1989.
4. I studied Italian for a month during the summer. Am studiat italiana timp de o luna in cursul verii.
5. He stayed in England too. Si el a stat in Anglia.
6. They decided to help Bob in March. Ei au hotarat sa-l ajute pe Bob in martie.
7. Last April you promised to visit Jeff and Ann. In aprilie trecut ati primis sa-i vizitati pe Jeff si Ann.
8. We reached London in the evening. Am sosit la Londra aseara.
9. She arrived home early in the afternoon. Ea ajuns acasa dupa-amiaza devreme.
10. He called the restaurant and booked a table for two. El a telefonat larestaurant si a rezervat o masa pentru doua persoane.
11. She phoned Jeff from her office. Ea a telefonat lui Jeff de la biroul ei.
12. He answered Ann's phone from his office. El a raspuns telefonului lui Ann din biroul lui.

C. Observatii

Preteritul (aspectul nedefinit): este unul dintre cele trei tipuri ale trecutului in engleza.
Se poate traduce prin perfect simplu, perfect compus sau imperfect.
La majoritatea verbelor obisnuite (numite slabe sau regulate), se construieste cu ajutorul terminatiei -ED (sau D daca verbul se termina in E; ex. to decide, I decided , eu hotarai, am hotarat, hotaram).

Aceasta constructie in -ED este identica pentru toate persoanele.
Ea nu se aplica la grupa importanta a verbelor tari sau neregulate.
Acest timp este foarte frecvent folosit si descrie o actiune incheiata si de regula fixata in timp.

I visited London in 1980. Am vizitat Londra in 1980.

Last: nu se pune articol hotarat atunci cand last precede cuvinte ca week, month, year sau zilele saptamanii; face exceptie o expresie de tipul: the last week of my holydays, ultima saptamana a vacantei mele.

His, her: adjectivul posesiv la persoana a 3-a singular se acorda numai cu genul posesorului.
Betty: masina sa(ei), cainele sau(ei), prietenii sai(ei)
her car, her dog, her friends
John: masina sa(lui), cainele sau(lui), prietenii sai(lui)

his car, his dog, his friends.

D Prezentare

Verbele obisnuite tari sau neregulate au o forma speciala pentru preterit (identica pentru toate persoanele)
- to be : 2 forme: I(he, she, it) WAS - a fost
WE (you, they) WERE - au fost

- to have : 1 forma : I (he, she, it, we, you, they) HAD - a avut

- Preteritul(aspectul continuu)

subiect+ was/were+pariticipiul prezent in -ing

- to tell, a spune - I told , eu spusei, am spus, spuneam
- to sell, a vinde - I sold, eu vandui, am vandut, vindeam
- to know, a sti - I knew, eu stiui, am stiut, stiam
- to buy= I bought; to come= I came; to do= I did; to drink= I drank; to drive= I drove;
- to eat= I ate; to find= I found; to give= I gave; to learn= I learnt; to leave= I left;
- to meet= I met; to see= I saw; to sleep= I slept; to take= I took

E Aplicatie

1. He told Peter to come. El i-a spus lui Peter sa vina.
2. They sold me a radio-set. Ei mi-au vandut mie un aparat de radio.
3. I knew the answer very well. Eu stiam foarte bine raspunsul.
4. She drove me to the station last night. Ea ma condus la gara noaptea trecuta.
5. We met John's parents yesterday. Noi i-am intalnit pe parintii lui John ieri.
6. I was very glad to meet you. Am fost foarte bucuros sa va intalnesc.
7. They were in Spain last year. Ei se aflau in Spania anul trecut.
8. We drank several whiskies. Noi am baut mai multe whisky-uri.
9. He told us an interesting story. El ne-a spus o poveste interesanta.
10. I saw Charles last month. L-am vazut pe Charles luna trecuta.
    
11. He phoned as we were leaving. El a telefonat pe cand noi plecam.
12. I was reading when he came and invited me to dinner. Eu citeam atunci cand el a venit si m-a inviat la masa.
    

F. Observatii

She told me. Forma told reprezinta preteritul to tell. Acest verb, este un verb tare sau neregulat. Trecutul nu se mai formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed, ci trebuie invatat pentru fiecare verb din aceasta categorie.

To tell , aspune - I (he, she, we, you, they) told , eu spusei, am spus, spuneam.

Atentie: in limba vorbita. el se traduce cel mai adesea cu perfectul compus, atunci cand acesta descrie un fapt petrecut in trecut si fixat in timp.

Ieri l-am intalnit pe Paul. I met Paul yesterday.

Preteritul lui to be: I (he, she, it) was
We ( you, they) were

Preteritul aspectul continuu: was / were + participiul prezent in -ing, care corespunde adesea imperfectului din romana:

I was sleeping. Eu dormeam

G. Exercitii de pronuntie

Terminatia -ED se pronunta:

[ id ], dupa d sau t: to decided , to waited

[ t ], dupa ch, sh, f, k, p, s, x: reached
booked
liked
helped

[ d ] in toate celelalte cazuri: called, stayed

- Ago, precedat de o unitate de timp, se traduce prin: acum.., cu ... in urma. Verbul se afla todeauna la preterit:
Acum o ora eram cu Jim: I was with Jim an hour ago.
Ea a parasit Londra acum trei zile. She left London three days ago.
El si-a vandut masina cu doua saptamani in urma. He sold his car two weeks ago.
Cu un an in urma ei lucrau in Anglia. A year ago they were working in Britain.

H. Exercitii

1. Treceti la preterit (aspectul nedefinit).

1. She tell me to study.
2. They promise to help me.
3. You sell me a car.
4. We eat at nine p.m.
5. I find an interesting restaurant.

2. Treceti la preterit (aspectul continuu).

1. He is working in Spain.
2. She is reading a new book.
3. She is studying.
4. You are waiting for Jane.
5. They are drinking wine.

3. Traduceti in engleza:

1. Am ajuns la Londra inainte de ora 21.
2. Ei m-au condus la gara ieri seara.
3. Eu am rezervat o masa pentru ora 20.
4. Eu beam o bere atunci cand mi-a telefonat.
5. El a sosit devreme saptamana trecuta.
6. Luna trecuta , noi vizitam Londra.

4. Adjective posesive.

1. El si-a vandut masina (lui) ieri.
2. Ea si-a vandut masina (ei) luna trecuta.
3. Ea m-a invitat la restaurantul ei saptamana treucta.
4. El mi-a dat timbrele lui.
5. Ea mi-a dat discurile ei.

A. Introducere

In urma studiului facut am adunat multe informatii despre gramatica limbii engleze si as vrea sa o impartasesc tuturor interesati sa asimileze noi cunostinte despre aceasta.

Sincer i-mi doresc sa nu aduc pe acest blog informatii gresite si de aceea am sa las deschis optiunea de a comenta eventualele erori.

Dupa fiecare lectie propun ca fiecare dintre voi sa completati exercitiile care sigur vor folosi la verificarea asimilarii cunostintelor si care permit autoevaluarea.

Astept informatii suplimentare sau imbunatatiri la cele scrise de mine.


Nota: la exercitiile de pronuntie daca apasati pe propozitie veti auzi cum se pronunta in engleza expresia, iar pentru a reveni in pagina blogului apasati butonul UNDO din meniul browserului, sau tastele CTRL+Z.

D.The Present continuous

A. PRESENTATION

When I say this sentence, I am in class. I am sitting. I am not standing. The action sitting is happening right now, and I am saying the sentence at the same time.
The present continuous is used to describe actions in progress and have some duration.

am + -ing               I am sitting in class right now.

    is+ -ing                Rita is sitting in class right now.

    are + -ing               You are sitting in class right now.

am, is, are = helping verbs
sitting = the main verb
am, is, are + -ing = the present continuous 

B. Exercises

Exercise 1. Practice using the present continuous by using am/is/are + wearing.
Part 1: Answer questions about what you are wearing today and what your classmates are wearing.
Example :
Rosa, what are you wearing today ?I'm wearing a white blouse and a blue skirt.


What is Jim Won wearing ?
He's wearing blue jeans and a sweat shirt.

What color is his sweat shirt?
It's a gray with red letters.


What else is Jim Won wearing ?
He's wearing sneakers, white socks, and a wristwatch.
Part 2 : Identify who is wearing particular articles of clothing.
Example: a (blue) shirt
Response: Marco is wearing a blue shirt.

Suggestions: 1. gold earrings  2. blue jeans   3. a blouse   4. a red blouse   5. gray slacks
6. brown boots  7. a black belt   8. a necklace   9. running shoes

Exercise 2. Act out the directions. Describe the actions using the present continuous. Sustain the action during the description.
Example: Smile
What are you doing ?
I'm smiling.

1. Stand in middle of the room. 
2. Sit in the middle of the room.
3. Stand in the back of the room.
4. Touch the floor.
5. Touch the ceiling.
6. Touch you toes.
7. Open the door.
8. Shake hands with (.....).
9. Smile at (.....).
10. Stand up and turn around in a circle.
11. Hold your book above your head.
12. Hold up your right hand.
13. Hold up your left hand.
14. Touch your right ear with your left hand.
15. Stand up.
16. Sit down.
17. Clap your hands.

C. SPELLING OF -ING

Rule 1.  A CONSONANT + -E   =  DROP THE -E AND ADD - ING

SMILE - SMILING
WRITE - WRITING

Rule 2. ONE VOWEL + ONE CONSONANT  =  DOUBLE THE CONSONANT AND ADD -ING

SIT - SITTING
RUN - RUNNING

Rule 3. TWO VOWELS + ONE CONSONANT = ADD -ING, DO NOT DOUBLE THE      CONSONANT

 READ - READING

RAIN - RAINING

Rule 4. TWO CONSONANT = ADD -ING , DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT

STAND - STANDING

PUSH - PUSHING

Vowels = a, e, i, o, u

Consonants b,c,d,f,g,h,jk,l,m,np,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z.

Exception to rule 2 : Do not double w, x, and y.

snow - snowing, fix - fixing, say - saying

D. Exercises

Exercise 3. Write the -ing forms for the fowlloing words : stand, smile, run, rain, sleep,write, eat, count, wear, ride, cut, dance, put, sneeze, plan, snow, fix, say, cry.

Exercise 4.  Write the -ing forms for the fowlloing words : dream, come, look, take, bite, hit, hurt, clap, keep, camp, shine, win, join, sign, fly, pay, study, get, wait, write.

Exercise 5. Practice using the present continuous to describe actions.

Example: erase the board

He/She is erasing the board.

1. draw a picture on the board                    9. hit your desk
2. sneeze                                                     10. drop your pen
3. cough                                                      11. tear of piece of paper
4. wave at your friend                                 12. break a piece of chalk
5. clap you hands                                        13. fall down
6. walk around the room                             14. sign, hum, or whistle
7. count your fingers                                   15. sleep
8. bite your finger                                       16. snore

E. QUESTIONS YES/NO

Interogative and negative of present continuous are similar with  TO BE.

BE + SUBJECT + -ING

 Is Mary sleeping? - Yes, she is. No, she's not.

Are you watching TV ? Yes, I'm. No I'm not.

         Q-WORD + BE + SUBJECT + -ING

Where is Mary sleeping ? On the sofa.(She's sleeping on the sofa)

Why are you watching TV ? Because I like this program. 

(I'm watching TV because I like this program)

F.Exercises

Exercise 6. Make questions. Give short answer to yes/no questions.

Example: What are you writing ?

A letter. ( I'm writing a letter.)

Is Eli reading a book ?

No, he isn't/he's not. ( Ali isn't reading a book.)

1. Yes, ............................(Ana is eating lunch.)
2. Where ....................... ? At the red Bird Cafe. (She's eating lunch at the Bird Cafe.)
3. No,.............................. (Mike isn't drinking a cup of coffee.)
4. What .........................? A cup of tea. (He's drinking a cup of tea.)
5. No,...............................( The girls aren't playing in the street.)
6. Where ......................... ? In the park. ( They're playing in the park.)
7. Why.......................... ? Because they don't have school today. ( They're playing in the park because they don't have school today.)
8. Hi kids. .............................No,..............................( We aren't drawing pictures with our crayons.)
9. Why...............................? Because we have a buried treasure at our secret in the woods. ( We're drawing maps because we have a buried treasure at our secret place in the woods.)

Exercise 7. Make questions with where, why, and what.

Example : What are you writing?

A letter. (I'm writing a letter.)

1. Because I'm happy. (I'm smiling because I'm happy.)
2. My grammar book. (I'm reading my grammar book.)
3. Because we're doing an exercise. (I'm reading my grammarbook because we're doing an exercise.)
4. In the back of the room. (Roberto is sitting in the back of the room.)
5. Downtown. (I'm going downtown.)
6. Because I need to buy some shoes. (I'm going downtown because I need to buy some shoes.)
7. Blue jeans  and a sweatshirt. (Akihiko is wearing blue jeans  and a sweatshirt today.)

G. NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

A. I'm hungryright now. I want an apple.

     ( INCORRECT: I am wanting an apple. )

B. I hear a siren. Do you hear it too?

    ( INCORRECT: I'm  hearing a siren. Are you hearing it too? )

Somev erbs are NOT used in the present progressive. They are called "nonaction verbs." 

In (A):  Want is a nonaction verb. Want expresses a physical or emotional need, not an action. 

In (B): Hear is a nonaction verb. Hear expresses a sensory experience, not an action.

NONACTION VERBS
                      want                   hear                    understand
                      need                   see                      know
                      like                    smell                   believe
                      love                   taste                    think  (meaning believe)*
                      hate

H. Exercises

Exercise 8. Use the words in parentheses to complete the sentences. 

  Use the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

1. Alice is in her room right now. She (read) is reading a book. 

    She (like) likes the book.

2. It (snow)             right now.  It's beautiful!  I (like)                   this weather.

3. I  (know)                Jessica Jones.  She's in my class.

4  The teacher (talk)          to us right now.  I (understand)               everything she's saying. 

5. Don is at a restaurant right now. He (eat)            dinner.He (like)              the food. 

    It (taste)               good. 

6. (Sniff-sniff). I (smell)                   gas.  (you, smell)                           it too ?

7. Jason (tell)                  us a story right now. I (believe)               his story.I (think) that story is true.

8. Ugh! That cigar (smell)               terrible.

H. SEE, LOOK AT, WATCH, HEAR AND LISTEN TO

SEE,  LOOK AT,  and WATCH

(a)  I see many things in this room. 

(b)  I'm looking at the clock.I want to know the time. 

(c)  Bob is watching TV.

In (a):  see =a nonaction verb. Seeing happens because my eyes are open.  Seeing is a physical reaction, not a planned action. 

In  (b): look at = an action verb. Looking is a planned or purposeful action. 

Looking happens for a reason. 

In (c): watch =an action verb.  I watch something for a long time, but I look at something for a short time.
HER and LISTEN TO

(d)  I'm  in my  apartment.   I'm trying to study. I hear music from the next apartment. The music is loud.

(e)  I'm in my apartment. I'm studying. I have a tape recorder.  I'm listsning to music. I like to listen to music when I study.

In (d):  hear =a nonaction verb.  Hearing is an unplanned act. It expresses a physical reaction. 

In (e): listen (to) = an adon verb. Listening happens for a purpose.

I. Exercises

Exercise 9. Answer the questions.

             1. What do you see in this room?
                Now look at something. What are you looking at?

             2. Turn to page 85 of this book. What do you see?
                Now look at one thing on that page.What are you looking at?

             3.  Look at the floor.  What do you see?

             4.  Look at the chalkboard.  What do you see?

             5.  What programs do you like to watch on TV?

             6. What sports do you like to watch?

             7.  What animals do you like to watch when you go to the zoo?

             8. What do you hear right now?

             9.  What do you hear when you walk down the street?

            10. What do you hear at night in the place where you live?

            11. What do you listen to when you go to a concert?

            12. What do you listen to when you go to a language laboratory?